The term fraud is used to describe such acts as deception, bribery, forgery, extortion, corruption, theft, conspiracy, embezzlement, misappropriation, false representation, concealment of material facts and collusion. Computer fraud means using the computer in some way to commit dishonesty by obtaining an advantage or causing loss of something of value. This could take form in a number of ways, including program fraud, hacking, e-mail hoaxes, auction and retail sales schemes, investment schemes and people claiming to be experts on subject areas.
Frauds can be categorised by the type of victim involved. The most common groups of victims are:
• Investors
• Creditors
• Businesses
• Banks or other financial institutions
• Central or local government
• Fraud by manipulating financial markets
Frauds can also be categorised by the technique or activity used by the fraudster. These include:
• Advance fee frauds
• Bogus invoices
• Computer hacking of information or property
• Corruption and bribery
• Counterfeiting, forgery, or copyright abuse
• Credit Card fraud
• False Accounting - manipulation of accounts and accounting records
• Fraudulent bankruptcy - exploitation of cross-border corporate structures
• Insurance fraud
• Internet online scams - auctions, credit card purchases, investment scams
• Investment fraud
• Long Firm fraud
• Misappropriation of assets
• Money laundering
• Mortgage Fraud
• Payroll fraud
• Principal agents - failure of systems to restrict key individuals
• Pyramid schemes
• Unsolicited letter frauds.
Anyone, especially students, who uses the Internet is a potential candidate for being a victim of computer crime. The best way to protect themselves by using critical thinking skills. By thinking and reasoning their way through each time they visit a website, join a chat room, or read e-mail, the students can gain an understanding of what is valid and what/who they should deter their attention. The Internet is not a place where students should trust everything. Use good judgment and be very careful.
Friday, March 16, 2007
Thursday, March 1, 2007
Civil and public law. Summary
Civil law is the section of the law that deals with disputes among citizens within country. Public law is the law governing relationships between individuals (citizens, companies) and the state. The main categories of civil law are; torts, trust, probate. Constitutional law, International law and crimes are sub-divisions of public law.
The party which brings a criminal action is called prosecution and it is nearly always the state. The party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff and usually it is individuals. There is a difference between standards of proof: in a criminal action “prosecution must prove the guilt of a criminal action “beyond a reasonable doubt”, the plaintiff in a civil action is required to prove his case “on the balance of probabilities””. If the defendant looses a civil case, he should pay damages to the plaintiff. If the defendant looses a criminal case, he may be forced to pay a fine and to pay legal costs of the prosecution.
There are different punishments of disobeying in criminal and civil law. In any court disobeying loser may constitute a criminal conduct. In civil law the loser without criminal penalty has to pay damages ordered by court.
The party which brings a criminal action is called prosecution and it is nearly always the state. The party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff and usually it is individuals. There is a difference between standards of proof: in a criminal action “prosecution must prove the guilt of a criminal action “beyond a reasonable doubt”, the plaintiff in a civil action is required to prove his case “on the balance of probabilities””. If the defendant looses a civil case, he should pay damages to the plaintiff. If the defendant looses a criminal case, he may be forced to pay a fine and to pay legal costs of the prosecution.
There are different punishments of disobeying in criminal and civil law. In any court disobeying loser may constitute a criminal conduct. In civil law the loser without criminal penalty has to pay damages ordered by court.
Monday, February 12, 2007
Social work is my future profession
To begin with, I would like to say, that I always wanted to help people. There are so many problems in our society. Social workers can help to solve them. I have a strong desire to help improve people’s lives, because of this I chose this profession.
It is needed to say that social workers specialize in fields such as family, youth and child welfare services, medical and health services, disability services, psychiatric and general mental health services, juvenile and family law courts, aged care and disabilities, income support and mediation. So we need to get a lot of information about our future clients, how to deal with them, how to help people to live more successfully within their local communities by helping them find solutions to their problems. Also we have to practice a lot. I like studying at this university, because in first months of our studies we visited places where we could work and met people, so that we could imagine our future work.
Moreover, some social workers travel to visit clients or run group meetings. In country areas they may travel long distances. They may also be involved in private practice, research or teaching. I would like such kind of work conditions because it is also interesting for social worker.
In my opinion, do not all people could work as social workers. They need personal requirements, such as: emotional maturity, keen analytical abilities, able to view other people's problems objectively, good organizational skills, good communication skills and able to work as part of a team. I have to admit, that I have almost all these requirements and I think that I would be a good social worker!
It is needed to say that social workers specialize in fields such as family, youth and child welfare services, medical and health services, disability services, psychiatric and general mental health services, juvenile and family law courts, aged care and disabilities, income support and mediation. So we need to get a lot of information about our future clients, how to deal with them, how to help people to live more successfully within their local communities by helping them find solutions to their problems. Also we have to practice a lot. I like studying at this university, because in first months of our studies we visited places where we could work and met people, so that we could imagine our future work.
Moreover, some social workers travel to visit clients or run group meetings. In country areas they may travel long distances. They may also be involved in private practice, research or teaching. I would like such kind of work conditions because it is also interesting for social worker.
In my opinion, do not all people could work as social workers. They need personal requirements, such as: emotional maturity, keen analytical abilities, able to view other people's problems objectively, good organizational skills, good communication skills and able to work as part of a team. I have to admit, that I have almost all these requirements and I think that I would be a good social worker!
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